Al-Thomali Y, Mohamed RN, Basha S. Torque expression in self-ligating orthodontic brackets and conventionally ligated brackets: A systematic review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(1):e123-8.

doi:10.4317/jced.53187

http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/jced.53187

References

1. Rauch ED. Torque and its application to orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1959;45:817-830.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(59)90222-2

2. Andreasen GF, Amborn RM. Aligning, leveling, and torque control--a pilot study. Angle Orthod. 1989;59:51-60.
PMid:2923323

3. Morina E, Eliades T, Pandis N, Jäger A, Bourauel C. Torque expression of self-ligating brackets compared with conventional metallic, ceramic, and plastic brackets. European J Orthod. 2008;30:233-238.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjn005
PMid:18540011

4. Archambault A, Lacoursiere R, Badawi H, Major PW, Carey J, Flores-Mir C. Torque expression in stainless steel orthodontic brackets. A systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:201-10.
https://doi.org/10.2319/080508-352.1
PMid:19852662

5. Berger J. The engaging concept of self-ligation. Ont Dent. 1999;76:26-33.
PMid:10518877

6. Rinchuse DJ, Miles PG. Self-ligating brackets: present and future. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:216-222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.06.018
PMid:17693372

7. Paduano S, Cioffi I, Iodice G, Rapuano A, Silva R. Time efficiency of self-ligating vs conventional brackets in orthodontics: effect of appliances and ligating systems. Prog Orthod. 2008;9:74-80.
PMid:19350061

8. Chen SS, Greenlee GM, Kim JE, Smith CL, Huang GJ. Systematic review of self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:726.e1-726.e18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.11.009
PMid:20685517

9. Monteiro MR, Silva LE, Elias CN, Vilella Ode V. Frictional resistance of self-ligating versus conventional brackets in different bracket-archwire-angle combinations. J Appl Oral Sci. 2014;22:228-34.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720130665
PMid:25025564 PMCid:PMC4072274

10. Turnbull NR, Birnie DJ. Treatment efficiency of conventional vs self-ligating brackets: effects of archwire size and material. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:395-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.07.018
PMid:17346597

11. Franco EM, Valarelli FP, Fernandes JB, Cançado RH, Freitas KM. Comparative study of torque expression among active and passive self-ligating and conventional brackets. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20:68-74.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.20.6.068-074.oar
PMid:26691972 PMCid:PMC4686747

12. Badawi HM, Toogood RW, Carey JP, Heo G, Major PW. Torque expression of self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:721-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.01.051
PMid:18456146

13. Huang Y, Keilig L, Rahimi A, Reimann S, Eliades T, Jäger A, Bourauel C. Numeric modeling of torque capabilities of self-ligating and conventional brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:638-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.018
PMid:19892278

14. Huang Y, Keilig L, Rahimi A, Reimann S, Bourauel C. Torque capabilities of self-ligating and conventional brackets under the effect of bracket width and free wire length. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012;15:255-62.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2012.01553.x
PMid:23020696

15. Archambault A, Major TW, Carey JP, Heo G, Badawi H, Major PW. A comparison of torque expression between stainless steel, titanium molybdenum alloy, and copper nickeltitanium wires in metallic self-ligating brackets. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:884-9.
https://doi.org/10.2319/102809-604.1
PMid:20578859

16. Dalstra M, Eriksen H, Bergamini C, Melsen B. Actual versus theoretical torsional play in conventional and self-ligating bracket systems. J Orthod. 2015;42:103-13.
https://doi.org/10.1179/1465313314Y.0000000126
PMid:25588827

17. Katsikogianni EN, Reimann S, Weber A, Karp J, Bourauel C. A comparative experimental investigation of torque capabilities induced by conventional and active, passive self-ligating brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37:440-6.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cju067
PMid:25414477

18. Sifakakis I, Pandis N, Makou M, Eliades T, Katsaros C, Bourauel C. A comparative assessment of torque generated by lingual and conventional brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:375-80.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjs029
PMid:22573909

19. Daratsianos N, Bourauel C, Fimmers R, Jager A, Schwestka-Polly R. In vitro biomechanical analysis of torque capabilities of various 0.018″ lingual bracket-wire systems: total torqueplay and slot size. Eur J Orthod. 2015;38:459-69.
PMid:26518759

20. Major TW, Carey JP, Nobes DS, Heo G, Major PW. Mechanical effects of third-order movement in self-ligated brackets by the measurement of torque expression. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e31-44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.04.029
PMid:21195255

21. Major TW, Carey JP, Nobes DS, Heo G, Melenka GW, Major PW. An investigation into the mechanical characteristics of select self-ligated brackets at a series of clinically relevant maximum torquing angles: loading and unloading curves and bracket deformation. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:719-29.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjr076
PMid:21750240

22. Brauchli LM, Steineck M, Wichelhaus A. Active and passive self-ligation: a myth? Part 1: torque control. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:663-9.
https://doi.org/10.2319/062011-673.1
PMid:22059468

23. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1006-12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005
PMid:19631508

24. Thomas BH, Ciliska D, Dobbins M, Micucci S. A process for systematically reviewing the literature: providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2004;1:176-84.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2004.04006.x
PMid:17163895