Kuroki A, Sugita N, Komatsu S, Yokoseki A, Yoshihara A, Kobayashi T, Nakamura K, Momotsu T, Endo N, Sato K, Narita I, Yoshie H. Associa­tion of liver enzyme levels and alveolar bone loss: A cross-sectional clini­cal study in Sado Island. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018;10(2):e100-6..

 

doi:10.4317/jced.54555

http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/jced.54555

 

References

1. Page RC. The pathobiology of periodontal diseases may affect systemic diseases: inversion of a paradigm. Ann Periodontol. 1998;3:108-20.
https://doi.org/10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.108
PMid:9722695

 

2. Forner L, Larsen T, Kilian M, Holmstrup P. Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33:401-7.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.00924.x
PMid:16677328

 

3. Graves DT, Oskoui M, Volejnikova S, Naguib G, Cai S, Desta T, et al. Tumor necrosis factor modulates fibroblast apoptosis, PMN recruitment, and osteoclast formation in response to P. gingivalis infection. J Dent Res. 2001;80:1875-9.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345010800100301
PMid:11706944

 

4. Belibasakis GN, Johansson A, Wang Y, Chen C, Kalfas S, Lerner UH. The cytolethal distending toxin induces receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand expression in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. Infect Immun. 2005;73:342-51.
https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.1.342-351.2005
PMid:15618171 PMCid:PMC538937

 

5. Gonzales JR, Groeger S, Johansson A, Meyle J. T helper cells from aggressive periodontitis patients produce higher levels of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in interaction with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18:1835-43.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-1162-5
PMid:24352581

 

6. Offenbacher S, Madianos PN, Champagne CM, Southerland JH, Paquette DW, Williams RC, et al. Periodontitis-atherosclerosis syndrome: an expanded model of pathogenesis. J Periodontal Res. 1999;34:346-52.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02264.x
PMid:10685359

 

7. Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G, Vokonas PS, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol. 1996;67:1123-37.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1996.67.10.1123
PMid:8910831

 

8. Schmickler J, Rupprecht A, Patschan S, Patschan D, Müller GA, Haak R, et al. Cross-sectional evaluation of periodontal status and microbiologic and rheumatoid parameters in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Periodontol. 2017;88:368-79.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2016.160355
PMid:27858553

 

9. Cutler CW, Shinedling EA, Nunn M, Jotwani R, Kim BO, Nares S, et al. Association between periodontitis and hyperlipidemia: cause or effect? J Periodontol. 1999;70:1429-34.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1999.70.12.1429
PMid:10632517

 

10. Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Yamanaka R, Kusano H, Azuma T, Sanbe T, et al. Chronic administration of lipopolysaccharide and proteases induces periodontal inflammation and hepatic steatosis in rats. J Periodontol. 2007;78:1999-2006.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2007.070056
PMid:17916001

 

11. Vasconcelos DF, Pereira da Silva FR, Pinto ME, Santana LA, Souza IG, Miranda de Souza LK, et al. Decrease of pericytes is associated with liver disease caused by ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol. 2017;88:e49-e57.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2016.160392
PMid:27666673

 

12. Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Sanbe T, Azuma T, Tamaki N, Irie K, et al. Effects of improvement in periodontal inflammation by toothbrushing on serum lipopolysaccharide concentration and liver injury in rats. Acta Odontol Scand. 2009;67:200-5.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00016350902794818
PMid:19301160

 

13. Arimatsu K, Yamada H, Miyazawa H, Minagawa T, Nakajima M, Ryder MI, et al. Oral pathobiont induces systemic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with alteration of gut microbiota. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4828.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04828
PMid:24797416 PMCid:PMC4010932

 

14. Nakajima M, Arimatsu K, Kato T, Matsuda Y, Minagawa T, Takahashi N, et al. Oral administration of P. gingivalis induces dysbiosis of gut microbiota and impaired barrier function leading to dissemination of enterobacteria to the liver. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0134234.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134234
PMid:26218067 PMCid:PMC4517782

 

15. Yoneda M, Naka S, Nakano K, Wada K, Endo H, Mawatari H, et al. Involvement of a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:16.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-12-16
PMid:22340817 PMCid:PMC3305584

 

16. Morita T, Yamazaki Y, Fujiharu C, Ishii T, Seto M, Nishinoue N, et al. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase level is associated with periodontal disease independent of drinking habits in Japanese adults. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:2109-16.
https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.891204
PMid:25360830 PMCid:PMC4226313

 

17. Furuta M, Ekuni D, Yamamoto T, Irie K, Koyama R, Sanbe T, et al. Relationship between periodontitis and hepatic abnormalities in young adults. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68:27-33.
https://doi.org/10.3109/00016350903291913
PMid:19878045

 

18. Ahmad A, Furuta M, Shinagawa T, Takeuchi K, Takeshita T, Shimazaki Y, et al. Association of periodontal status with liver abnormalities and metabolic syndrome. J Oral Sci. 2015;57:335-43.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.57.335
PMid:26666857

 

19. Kim TS, Obst C, Zehaczek S, Geenen C. Detection of bone loss with different X-ray techniques in periodontal patients. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1141-9.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2008.070578
PMid:18597595

 

20. Bassiouny MA, Grant AA. The accuracy of the Schei ruler: a laboratory investigation. J Periodontol. 1975;46:748-52.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1975.46.12.748
PMid:1060755

 

21. Stranges S, Dorn JM, Muti P, Freudenheim JL, Farinaro E, Russell M, et al. Body fat distribution, relative weight, and liver enzyme levels: a population-based study. Hepatology. 2004;39:754-63.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20149
PMid:14999694

 

22. Alatalo PI, Koivisto HM, Hietala JP, Puukka KS, Bloigu R, Niemelä OJ. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on liver enzymes increases with increasing body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1097-103.
PMid:18842799

 

23. Haenle MM, Brockmann SO, Kron M, Bertling U, Mason RA, Steinbach G, et al. Overweight, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption in a cross-sectional random sample of German adults. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:233.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-233
PMid:16981990 PMCid:PMC1586017

 

24. Renvert S, Persson GR. Patient-based assessments of clinical periodontal conditions in relation to alveolar bone loss. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31:208-13.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0303-6979.2004.00469.x
PMid:15016025

 

25. Stashenko P, Jandinski JJ, Fujiyoshi P, Rynar J, Socransky SS. Tissue levels of bone resorptive cytokines in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1991;62:504-9.
https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1991.62.8.504
PMid:1920018

 

26. Baker PJ, Dixon M, Evans RT, Dufour L, Johnson E, Roopenian DC. CD4(+) T cells and the proinflammatory cytokines gamma interferon and interleukin-6 contribute to alveolar bone loss in mice. Infect Immun. 1999;67:2804-9.
PMid:10338484 PMCid:PMC96585

 

27. Han X, Lin X, Yu X, Lin J, Kawai T, LaRosa KB, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection-associated periodontal bone resorption is dependent on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. Infect Immun. 2013;81:1502-9.
https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00043-13
PMid:23439308 PMCid:PMC3648000

 

28. Novacek G, Plachetzky U, Pötzi R, Lentner S, Slavicek R, Gangl A, et al. Dental and periodontal disease in patients with cirrhosis--role of etiology of liver disease. J Hepatol. 1995;22:576-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(95)80453-6

PMid:7650338

 

29. Tamaki N, Takaki A, Tomofuji T, Endo Y, Kasuyama K, Ekuni D, et al. Stage of hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38:1015-20.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01777.x
PMid:22092473