Shaalan O, El-Rashidy A. Antibacterial Effect of Miswak herbal toothpaste Compared to Fluoride Toothpaste in High Caries Risk Patients: Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2023;15(7):e526-34.

 

doi:10.4317/jced.60332

https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.60332

__________

 

References

1. Ben-Zaken H, Kraitman R, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Khalifa L, Alkalay-Oren S, Gelman D, et al. Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus mutans phage as a possible treatment agent for caries. Viruses. 2021;13:825.
https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050825
PMid:34063251 PMCid:PMC8147482

 

2. WHO. Oral Health: WHO; 2022 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health.

 

3. Bhardwaj SB. Review Article Oral Streptococci Bacteriophages as a Potential Agent for Dental Caries Therapy. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2015;4:512-5.

 

4. Karpiński TM, Szkaradkiewicz AK. Microbiology of dental caries. J Biol Earth Sci. 2013;3:M21-4.

 

5. Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2018;16:745-59.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0089-x
PMid:30301974 PMCid:PMC6278837

 

6. Featherstone JD, Crystal YO, Alston P, Chaffee BW, Doméjean S, Rechmann P, et al. Evidence-based caries management for all ages-practical guidelines. Front. Oral. Health. 2021;2:657518.
https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2021.657518
PMid:35048005 PMCid:PMC8757692

 

7. Featherstone J, Alston P, Chaffee B, Rechmann P. Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA): An Update for Use in Clinical Practice for Patients Aged 6 Through Adult. CDA CAMBRA: A Comprehensive Caries Management Guide for Dental Professionals. 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2019.12220743

 

8. Featherstone JDB, Crystal YO, Chaffee BW, Zhan L, Ramos-Gomez F. An updated CAMBRA caries risk assessment tool for ages 0 to 5 years. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2019;47:37-47.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19424396.2019.12220744

 

9. Featherstone JDB, Crystal YO, Alston P, Chaffee BW, Doméjean S, Rechmann P, et al. A Comparison of Four Caries Risk Assessment Methods. Front. Oral. Health. 2021;2:1-13.
https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2021.656558
PMid:35048004 PMCid:PMC8757708

 

10. Sharma A, Kumar RR, Mathew S, Gupta A, Upadhyay S. The Effect of Miswak and Fluoride Toothpastes on Dental Plaque- A Comparative Clinical and Microbiological Study. IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci. 2017;16:74-6.
https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1603067476

 

11. Wassel MO, Sherief DI. Ion release and enamel remineralizing potential of miswak, propolis and chitosan nano-particles based dental varnishes. Pediatr. Dent. J. 2019;29:1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdj.2018.12.004

 

12. Cheng CY, Balsandorj Z, Hao Z, Pan L. High-precision measurement of pH in the full toothpaste using NMR chemical shift. J. Magn. Reson. 2020;317:106771.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106771
PMid:32629341

 

13. Department of Scientific Information. Information Sheet on pH of Home Oral Care Products. ADA; 2019.

 

14. Lynch DJ, Michalek SM, Zhu M, Drake D, Qian F, Banas JA. Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans glucan-binding protein deletion mutants. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2013;12:191-9.

 

15. Halawany HS. A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. Saudi Dent J. 2012;24:63-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.12.004
PMid:23960531 PMCid:PMC3723367

 

16. Baeshen H, Salahuddin S, Dam R, Zawawi KH, Birkhed D. Comparison of fluoridated miswak and toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste on plaque removal and fluoride release. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2017;18:300-6.
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2035
PMid:28349908

 

17. Darmani H, Nusayr T, Al-Hiyasat A. Effects of extracts of miswak and derum on proliferation of Balb/C 3T3 fibroblasts and viability of cariogenic bacteria. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2006;4:62-6.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2006.00149.x
PMid:16637906

 

18. Ezoddini-Ardakani F. Efficacy of Miswak (salvadora persica) in preventing dental caries. Health. 2010;02:499-503.
https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2010.25074

 

19. Sam JE, Benin P, Beaulah RH, Lnu G, Krishna L, Raja J. Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Four Toothpastes and Mouthwashes against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus: An in vivo Study. Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics. 2016;1:60-5.
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10047-0013

 

20. Saffarzadeh A, Khodarahmi N, Mohammadi M. Evaluation of the Effect of Ultra-Soft Toothbrushes with Different Commercial Brands on Plaque and Bleeding Indices. J. Dent. 2021;22:53.

 

21. Salama MT, Alsughier ZA. Effect of Green Tea Extract mouthwash on salivary streptococcus mutans counts in a group of preschool children: an in vivo study. Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2019;12:133.
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1610
PMid:31571786 PMCid:PMC6749881

 

22. Oza S, Patel K, Bhosale S, Mitra R, Gupta R, Choudhary D. To determine the effect of chewing gum containing xylitol and sorbitol on mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli count in saliva, plaque, and gingival health and to compare the efficacy of chewing gums. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2018;8:354.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_54_18
PMid:30123770 PMCid:PMC6071354

 

23. Shah S, Bargale S, Dave BH, Deshpande A, Kariya PB, Karri A. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of (between) 0.2% chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwash on salivary Streptococcus mutans: a randomized controlled pilot study. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 2018;9:440.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_264_18
PMid:30166841 PMCid:PMC6104363

 

24. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, et al. Dental caries. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2017;3:1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.30
PMid:28540937

 

25. Huang R, Li M, Gregory RL. Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm. Virulence. 2011;2:435-44.
https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.5.16140
PMid:21778817 PMCid:PMC3322631

 

26. Jakubovics NS, Goodman SD, Mashburn-Warren L, Stafford GP, Cieplik F. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontol. 2000. 2021;86:32-56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12361
PMid:33690911 PMCid:PMC9413593

 

27. Lemos JA, Palmer SR, Zeng L, Wen ZT, Kajfasz JK, Freires IA, et al. The Biology of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol. Spectr. 2019;7:1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0051-2018
PMid:30657107 PMCid:PMC6615571

 

28. Abdelgawad F, Wassef N, Salama A. Effect of acid neutralizer toothpaste on salivary pH in a group of Egyptian children: A randomized controlled pilot study. Egypt. Dent. J. 2019;65:2053-7.
https://doi.org/10.21608/edj.2015.71737

 

29. Abou Neel EA, Aljabo A, Strange A, Ibrahim S, Coathup M, Young AM, et al. Demineralization-remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016;11:4743-63.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S107624
PMid:27695330 PMCid:PMC5034904

 

30. Mary D, Priya V, Gayathri R GR. Effects of toothpaste and mouthwash on salivary pH in adolescents. Drug Invent. Today. 2018;10:1731-3.

 

31. Chaudhary NK, Guragain B, Lamichhane-Khadka R, Bhattarai A. Solution properties and comparative antimicrobial efficacy study of different brands of toothpaste of Nepal. Beni-suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2020;9:22.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-020-00050-2

 

32. Braga AS, Abdelbary MM, Kim RR, Melo FP, Saldanha LL, Dokkedal AL, et al. The Effect of Toothpastes Containing Natural Extracts on Bacterial Species of a Microcosm Biofilm and on Enamel Caries Development. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11:414.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030414
PMid:35326877 PMCid:PMC8944744

 

33. Nordin A, Saim AB, Ramli R, Hamid AA, Nasri NWM, Idrus RBH. Miswak and oral health: An evidence-based review. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2020;27:1801-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.020
PMid:32565699 PMCid:PMC7296476

 

34. Pollick H. The Role of Fluoride in the Prevention of Tooth Decay. Pediat. Clin. N. 2018;65:923-40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.05.014
PMid:30213354

 

35. Almas AK, Almas K. Miswak (Salvadora Persica Chewing Stick) And Its Role In Oral Health; An Update. J Pak Dent Assoc. 2013;20:255.

 

36. Haque MM, Alsareii SA. A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. Saudi Med. J. 2015;36:530-43.
https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.5.10785
PMid:25935172 PMCid:PMC4436748

 

37. Niazi F, Naseem M, Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Almas K. Role of Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak): A natural toothbrush for holistic oral health. Eur. J. Dent. 2016;10:301-8.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178297
PMid:27095914 PMCid:PMC4813453

 

38. Ramli H, Mohd-Dom TN, Mohd-Said S. Clinical benefits and adverse effects of siwak (S. persica) use on periodontal health: a scoping review of literature. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:618.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01950-0
PMid:34861857 PMCid:PMC8641788

 

39. Jassim SA, Hammud KK, Alsheekhly B. Valuable Dental Materials from Salvadora Persica Plants. Med. Legal Update. 2021;21:893-903.

 

40. Sofrata A, Santangelo EM, Azeem M, Borg-Karlson AK, Gustafsson A, Ptsep K. Benzyl isothiocyanate, a major component from the roots of Salvadora persica is highly active against Gram-Negative bacteria. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e23045.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023045
PMid:21829688 PMCid:PMC3148225

 

41. Dianti F, Triaminingsih S, Irawan B. Effects of miswak and nano calcium carbonate toothpastes on the hardness of demineralized human tooth surfaces. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2018;1073:032008.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1073/3/032008

 

42. Khoriba HA, Niazy MA, El Sharkawy DA. The Anticariogenic Effect of Miswak (Silvadora Persica) and Grape Seed Extract. Al-Azhar Dent. J. Girls. 2022;9:383:90.
https://doi.org/10.21608/adjg.2022.69312.1349

 

43. Al-Obaidy NM, El-Samarrai SK, Majeed AH. Effect of Siwak Extract on the Microhardness and Microscopic Feature of Initial Caries-Like Lesion of Permanent Teeth, Compared to Fluoridated Agents. 2008;5:4.

 

44. Prabhuswamy B, Mallikarjun N, Nagaraj K, Simpi B. Comparative evaluation of anticariogenic activity of commercially available herbal dentifrices. SRM Univ. J. Dent Sci. 2018;9:58.
https://doi.org/10.4103/srmjrds.srmjrds_31_17

 

45. Patil S, Venkataraghavan K, Anantharaj A, Patil S. Comparison of two commercially available toothpastes on the salivary streptococcus mutans count in urban preschool children-an in vivo study. Group. 2010;1:53720.

 

46. Al-Dabbagh SA, Qasim HJ, Al-Derzi NA. Efficacy of Miswak toothpaste and mouthwash on cariogenic bacteria. Saudi Med. J. 2016;37:1009-14.
https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2016.9.15855
PMid:27570858 PMCid:PMC5039599