1. Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ. Crohn's disease. Lancet. 2012;380:1590-605.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9

PMid:22914295

2. Kalmar JR. Crohn's disease: orofacial considerations and disease pathogenesis. Periodontol 2000. 1994;6:101-15.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00030.x

PMid:9673174 

3. Ricucci D, Siqueira JF. Biofilms and apical periodontitis: Study of prevalence and association with clinical and histopathologic findings. J Endod. 2010;36:1277-88.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.007

PMid:20647081 

4. Jiménez-Pinzón A, Segura-Egea JJ, Poyato-Ferrera M, Velasco-Ortega E, Ríos-Santos JV. Prevalence of apical periodontitis and frequency of root-filled teeth in an adult Spanish population. Int Endod J. 2004;37:167-73.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0143-2885.2004.00759.x

PMid:15009405 

5. Sánchez-Domínguez B, López-López J, Jané-Salas E, Castellanos-Cosano L, Velasco-Ortega E, Segura-Egea JJ. Glycated hemoglobin levels and prevalence of apical periodontitis in type 2 diabetic patients. J Endod. 2015;41:601-6.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.12.024

PMid:25670246 

6. Jiménez-Sánchez M, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Areal-Quecuty V, Velasco-Ortega E, Martín-González J, Segura-Egea J. Cardiovascular diseases and apical periodontitis: association not always implies causality. Med Oral Patol Oral y Cir Bucal. 2020;23665.

https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.23665

PMid:32388515 

7. Segura‐Egea JJ, Cabanillas‐Balsera D, Jiménez‐Sánchez MC, Martín‐González J. Endodontics and diabetes: association versus causation. Int Endod J. 2019;52:790-802.

https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13079

PMid:30667519 

8. Piras V, Usai P, Mezzena S, Susnik M, Ideo F, Schirru E, et al. Prevalence of apical periodontitis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases : A retrospective clinical study. J Endod. 2017;43:389-94.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.004

PMid:28231978 

9. Poyato-Borrego M, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Martín-González J, Torres-Domínguez Y, Velasco-Ortega E, Segura-Egea JJ. High Prevalence of apical periodontitis in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An age- and gender- matched case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26:273-9.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izz128

PMid:31247107 

10. Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott IDR, Bernstein CN, Brant SR, et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;19 Suppl A:5A-36A.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2005/269076

PMid:16151544 

11. Orstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen HM, Ørstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen HM. The periapical index: A scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Dent Traumatol. 1986;2:20-34.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1986.tb00119.x

PMid:3457698 

12. Rodríguez-Lago I, Merino O, Azagra I, Maiz A, Zapata E, Higuera R, et al. Characteristics and Progression of Preclinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1459-66.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.11.006

PMid:29133254 

13. Segura-Egea JJ, Jiménez-Pinzón A, Poyato-Ferrera M, Velasco-Ortega E, Ríos-Santos JV. Periapical status and quality of root fillings and coronal restorations in an adult Spanish population. Int Endod J. 2004;37:525-30.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2004.00826.x

PMid:15230905 

14. Chudy-Onwugaje KO, Christian KE, Farraye FA, Cross RK. A State-of-the-Art review of new and emerging therapies for the treatment of IBD [published correction appears in Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019 Nov 14;25(12):e168]. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25:820-30.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy327

PMid:30445504 PMCid:PMC6468492

15. Segura-Egea JJ, Martín-González J, Castellanos-Cosano L. Endodontic medicine: connections between apical periodontitis and systemic diseases. Int Endod J. 2015;48:933-51.

https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12507

PMid:26174809 

16. Segura-Egea JJ, Castellanos-Cosano L, Machuca G, López-López J, Martín-González J, Velasco-Ortega E, et al. Diabetes mellitus, periapical inflammation and endodontic treatment outcome. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17:e356-61.

https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.17452

PMid:22143698 PMCid:PMC3448330

17. Segura-Egea JJ, Jiménez-Pinzón A, Ríos-Santos J V, Velasco-Ortega E, Cisneros-Cabello R, Poyato-Ferrera MM. High prevalence of apical periodontitis amongst smokers in a sample of Spanish adults. Int Endod J. 2008;41:310-6.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01365.x

PMid:18217991 

18. Segura-Egea JJ, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Jiménez-Sánchez MC, Martín-González J. Endodontics and diabetes: association versus causation. Int Endod J. 2019;52:790-802.

https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13079

PMid:30667519 

19. Cotti E, Mezzena S, Schirru E, Ottonello O, Mura M, Ideo F, et al. Healing of Apical Periodontitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and under Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Therapy. J Endod. 2018;44:1777-82.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.09.004

PMid:30390972 

20. Pastorelli L, Garg RR, Hoang SB, Spina L, Mattioli B, Scarpa M, et al. Epithelial-derived IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are dysregulated in ulcerative colitis and in experimental Th1/Th2 driven enteritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:8017-22.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912678107

PMid:20385815 PMCid:PMC2867895

21. Fatahzadeh M. Inflammatory bowel disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108:e1-10.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.07.035

PMid:19836703 

22. Koutsochristou V, Zellos A, Dimakou K, Panayotou I, Siahanidou S, Roma-Giannikou E, et al. Dental caries and periodontal disease in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:1839-46.

https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000452

PMid:25985243 

23. Graves D. Cytokines that promote periodontal tissue destruction. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1585-91.

https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2008.080183

PMid:18673014 

24. Papageorgiou SN, Hagner M, Nogueira AVB, Franke A, Jäger A, Deschner J. Inflammatory bowel disease and oral health: systematic review and a meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44:382-93.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12698

PMid:28117909 

25. Johannsen A, Fored MC, Håkansson J, Ekbom A, Gustafsson A. Consumption of dental treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, a register study. Cominelli F, editor. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0134001.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134001

PMid:26267797 PMCid:PMC4534207

26. Vavricka SR, Manser CN, Hediger S, Vögelin M, Scharl M, Biedermann L, et al. Periodontitis and gingivitis in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:2768-77.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MIB.0000438356.84263.3b

PMid:24216685 

27. Olsen I, Yamazaki K. Can oral bacteria affect the microbiome of the gut?. J Oral Microbiol. 2019;11:1586422.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2019.1586422

PMid:30911359 PMCid:PMC6427756

28. Bamias G, Martin C, Mishina M, Ross WG, Rivera-Nieves J, Marini M, et al. Proinflammatory effects of TH2 cytokines in a murine model of chronic small intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:654-66.

https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.053

PMid:15765401 

29. Fukada SY, Silva TA, Garlet GP, Rosa AL, da Silva JS, Cunha FQ. Factors involved in the T helper type 1 and type 2 cell commitment and osteoclast regulation in inflammatory apical diseases. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009;24:25-31.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.2008.00469.x

PMid:19121066 

30. Stashenko P, Wang C-Y, Tani-Ishii N, Yu SM. Pathogenesis of induced rat periapical lesions. Oral Surgery Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;78:494-502.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(94)90044-2

PMid:7800381