de-Medeiros VA, Ferreira CR, Silva-Cunha JL, da-Silveira EJD, Gordón-Núñez MA, Alves PM, Nonaka CFW. Immunoexpression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in giant cell granulomas of the jaws and giant cell tumor of bone. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2026. Jun 1;31 (5):e631-9.

doi:10.4317/medoral.28299

https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.28299


1. Jordan RC, Gomes CC, Gomez RS. Giant cell lesions and bone cysts. In: Odell EW, Muller S, Tilakaratne WM, editors. WHO Classification of Tumours: Head and Neck Tumours. 5th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2024.


 

2. Flanagan AM, Larousserie F, O'Donnell PG, Yoshida A. Giant cell tumor of bone. In: Bovée JVMG, Flanagan AM, Lazar AJ, Nielsen GP, Yoshida A, editors. WHO Classification of Tumours: Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours. 5th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020.


 

3. Nagar SR, Bansal S, Jashnani K, Sinha A, Desai RS. A comparative analysis of p63 expression in giant cell tumour (GCT), central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG). Head Neck Pathol. 2020;14(3):733-41.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-019-01118-x
PMid:31873936 PMCid:PMC7413967


 

4. Chi Y, Qin Z, Bai J, Yan J, Xu Z, Yang S, et al. Update on the nature of central giant cell granuloma of the jaw with a focus on the aggressive subtype. Pathology. 2025;57(4):461-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2024.10.010
PMid:39952878


 

5. Vered M, Wright JM. Update from the 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumours. Head Neck Pathol. 2022;16(1):63-75.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-021-01404-7
PMid:35312978 PMCid:PMC9019005


 

6. Yao Y, Lee VKM, Chen ES. Molecular pathological insights into tumorigenesis and progression of giant cell tumor of bone. J Bone Oncol. 2025;51:100665.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbo.2025.100665
PMid:40092569 PMCid:PMC11909452


 

7. Barros EF, de Medeiros VA, da Silveira ÉJD, Goulart Filho JAV, Alves PM, Nonaka CFW. Immunohistochemical analysis of immune checkpoint proteins (PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2) in giant cell granulomas of the jaws and giant cell tumor of bone. Arch Oral Biol. 2026;182:106460.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2025.106460
PMid:41265153


 

8. da Fonseca Orcina B, Schemmfelnnig EA, Chamon RCC, Guimarães DM, da Silva Kataoka MS, de Melo Alves Júnior S, et al. An investigation of the differences in cortactin, MT1-MMP, TKS4, and TKS5 immunoexpression between central and peripheral giant cell granulomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2025;54(9):884-94.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.70040
PMid:40827114


 

9. Barros CCDS, Santos LMDR, Severo MLB, Miguel MCDC, Squarize CH, da Silveira ÉJD. Morphological analysis of cell cannibalism: An auxiliary tool in the prediction of central giant cell granuloma clinical behavior. Acta Histochem. 2023;125(7):152091.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152091
PMid:37657202


 

10. Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Gawande S, Patil S, Anand R, Patil SG, et al. Cellular cannibalism in giant cells of central giant cell granuloma of jaw bones and giant cell tumors of long bones. J Investig Clin Dent. 2017;8(2):e12214.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12214
PMid:26991690


 

11. Cambier S, Gouwy M, Proost P. The chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL12: Molecular and functional properties, role in disease and efforts towards pharmacological intervention. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20(3):217-51.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-023-00974-6
PMid:36725964 PMCid:PMC9890491


 

12. Yu J, Zhou X, Shen L. CXCR4-targeted radiopharmaceuticals for the imaging and therapy of malignant tumors. Molecules. 2023;28(12):4707.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124707
PMid:37375261 PMCid:PMC10304366


 

13. Khare T, Bissonnette M, Khare S. CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in colorectal cancer: Therapeutic target in preclinical and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(14):7371.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147371
PMid:34298991 PMCid:PMC8305488


 

14. Nugraha AP, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Pramusita A, Ogawa S, Noguchi T, et al. C-X-C receptor 7 agonist acts as a C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 inhibitor to ameliorate osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Mol Med Rep. 2022;25(3):78.
https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12594
PMid:35014674 PMCid:PMC8778739


 

15. Wright LM, Maloney W, Yu X, Kindle L, Collin-Osdoby P, Osdoby P. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 binding to its chemokine receptor CXCR4 on precursor cells promotes the chemotactic recruitment, development and survival of human osteoclasts. Bone. 2005;36(5):840-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2005.01.021
PMid:15794931


 

16. De Vita A, Vanni S, Miserocchi G, Fausti V, Pieri F, Spadazzi C, et al. A rationale for the activity of bone target therapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor combination in giant cell tumor of bone and desmoplastic fibroma: Translational evidences. Biomedicines. 2022;10(2):372.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020372
PMid:35203581 PMCid:PMC8962296


 

17. Liao TS, Yurgelun MB, Chang SS, Zhang HZ, Murakami K, Blaine TA, et al. Recruitment of osteoclast precursors by stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in giant cell tumor of bone. J Orthop Res. 2005;23(1):203-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthres.2004.06.018
PMid:15607894


 

18. Chuong R, Kaban LB, Kozakewich H, Perez-Atayde A. Central giant cell lesions of the jaws: A clinicopathologic study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;44(9):708-13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(86)90040-6
PMid:3462363


 

19. Martini G, Capella D, Rivero ERC, Gondak RO. Immunohistochemical expression of RANKL in oral giant cell lesions is predictive of aggressiveness. Braz Oral Res. 2018;32:e115.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0115
PMid:30379236


 

20. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587


 

21. Shima K, Kimura K, Ishida M, Kishikawa A, Ogawa S, Qi J, et al. C-X-C motif chemokine 12 enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;103(4):431-42.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-018-0435-z
PMid:29845409


 

22. Nengroo MA, Maheshwari S, Singh A, Verma A, Arya RK, Chaturvedi P, et al. CXCR4 intracellular protein promotes drug resistance and tumorigenic potential by inversely regulating the expression of death receptor 5. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(5):464.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-03730-8
PMid:33966046 PMCid:PMC8106681


 

23. Perpiñá-Viciano C, Işbilir A, Zarca A, Caspar B, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ, et al. Kinetic analysis of the early signaling steps of the human chemokine receptor CXCR4. Mol Pharmacol. 2020;98(2):72-87.
https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.119.118448
PMid:32474443 PMCid:PMC7330677

 

24. Nengroo MA, Khan MA, Verma A, Datta D. Demystifying the CXCR4 conundrum in cancer biology: Beyond the surface signaling paradigm. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2022;1877(5):188790.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188790
PMid:36058380

 

25. Bao Y, Wang Z, Liu B, Lu X, Xiong Y, Shi J, et al. A feed-forward loop between nuclear translocation of CXCR4 and HIF-1α promotes renal cell carcinoma metastasis. Oncogene. 2019;38(6):881-95.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-018-0452-4
PMid:30177838 PMCid:PMC6367212

 

26. Xu Z, Li P, Wei D, Wang Z, Bao Y, Sun J, et al. NMMHC-IIA-dependent nuclear location of CXCR4 promotes migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2016;36(5):2681-8.
https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2016.5082
PMid:27634189

 

27. Stagner AM, Sajed DP, Nielsen GP, Ebb DH, Faquin WC, Chebib I, et al. Giant cell lesions of the maxillofacial skeleton express RANKL by RNA in situ hybridization regardless of histologic pattern. Am J Surg Pathol. 2019;43(6):819-26.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001257
PMid:30998511

 

28. Jiang ZY, Jiang JJ, Ma YS, Li HY, Shi W, Fu PL, et al. Downregulation of miR-223 and miR-19a induces differentiation and promotes recruitment of osteoclast cells in giant-cell tumor of the bone via the Runx2/TWIST-RANK/RANKL pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;505(4):1003-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.025
PMid:30309658